Intervention studies in psychology and other social science disciplines frequently incorporate partially nested designs (PNDs). Zn-C3 solubility dmso Participants are assigned to treatment and control groups on a per-person basis in this design; however, clustering takes place in certain groups (such as the treatment group). A substantial development of data analysis methods for PNDs has been observed in recent years. Further study into causal inference for PNDs, with a specific focus on situations involving nonrandomized treatment assignments, is warranted due to the current limited research. This study used the expanded potential outcomes framework to address the research gap and determine the average causal treatment effects present in PNDs. Following the identification process, we developed outcome models capable of producing treatment effect estimates with a causal interpretation, then assessing how variations in model structure impact these causal interpretations. We also implemented an inverse propensity weighted (IPW) estimation method, including a sandwich-type standard error estimator for the produced IPW-based estimate. Our simulation analysis showcased that, both the outcome modelling and the IPW approaches, formulated according to the derived causal implications, yielded reliable estimates and inferences regarding the average causal treatment effects. For illustrative purposes, we implemented the suggested strategies on data gathered from a live pilot study of the Pregnant Moms' Empowerment Program. The current study elucidates causal inference for PNDs, offering guidance and insights, and enhancing researchers' options for estimating treatment effects with PNDs. Copyright 2023, American Psychological Association; all rights are reserved for this PsycINFO database record.
Elevated blood alcohol levels and detrimental alcohol-related consequences often stem from the pre-drinking habits prevalent among college students, which ranks among the riskiest drinking behaviors. Still, the need for interventions specifically designed to lessen the dangers brought on by pre-gaming is notable. The present research focused on designing and evaluating a brief, mobile-based intervention, 'Pregaming Awareness in College Environments' (PACE), to address excessive alcohol consumption during pre-gaming among college students.
The genesis of PACE encompassed two innovations: a user-friendly mobile application that amplified intervention access and personalized pregaming intervention content. This content was delivered through a harm-reduction approach that incorporated cognitive behavioral skills training. The randomized clinical trial, developed and tested beforehand, included 485 college students who reported having engaged in pregaming at least once per week in the last month.
In 1998, the representation of minoritized racial and/or ethnic groups was 522%, while the representation of females was 656%. Participants, randomly allocated to the PACE group,
The value 242, or a website with a control condition.
Information about the effects of alcohol, encompassing general details, was part of a larger set of data (243). Assessing the intervention's impact on pre-gaming drinking, comprehensive alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related consequences was the focus of the analysis, conducted at 6 and 14 weeks after the intervention.
Reductions in drinking were observed in both groups, yet the PACE intervention exhibited a small but statistically significant positive effect on overall drinking days, pregaming days, and alcohol-related consequences at the six-week follow-up.
Findings from the brief mobile PACE intervention suggest its potential to mitigate risky drinking among college students, yet further, more intensive, and pregaming-specific interventions might be vital to achieve long-lasting changes. All rights to this PsycINFO database record are reserved by the APA, 2023.
The observed potential of the mobile PACE intervention in addressing risky drinking among college students suggests that more intensive, pregaming-oriented strategies might be required to generate enduring improvements. The PsycINFO database record, copyright 2023 APA, safeguards all reserved rights.
In a 2020 Journal of Experimental Psychology General article, Eitan Hemed, Shirel Bakbani-Elkayam, Andrei R. Teodorescu, Lilach Yona, and Baruch Eitam detail a clarification on their study of motor system effectiveness in dynamic environments (Vol 149[5], 935-948). Zn-C3 solubility dmso A confounding element is apparent in the data analysis, as per the authors' report. The findings of Experiments 1 and 2, post error correction (as elaborated in the ANOVAs, t-tests, and figures of Hemed & Eitam, 2022), change, but the core theoretical claim persists. This abstract of the original article, documented in record 2019-62255-001, is presented here. For understanding human feelings of agency, the Comparator model utilizes principles comparable to those employed for efficacious motor control. The model illustrates how our brain calculates the degree of influence over the surrounding environment provided by a specific motor procedure (in short, the potency of an action). However, based on its present design, the model provides little clarity on the dynamic updating of predictions regarding the effectiveness of an action. To empirically investigate the issue, participants undertook multiple experimental task blocks (previously demonstrated to assess reinforcement based on efficacy), alternating blocks with and without action-effects (or featuring spatially unpredictable feedback). Participants were unable to detect the sinusoidal-like objective increase or decrease in effectiveness, which was quantified by the probability of feedback after n trials. Effectiveness of reinforcement, as previously demonstrated, is dependent upon the speed of response. The results indicate that reinforcement, predicated on effectiveness, is dependent on both the degree and the trajectory of effectiveness; this highlights that reinforcement adapts to increasing, decreasing, or unchanging effectiveness. These results, owing to the prior associations between reinforcement contingent on effectiveness and the motor system's computation of effectiveness, constitute the first demonstration of an online, dynamic, and complex sensitivity to the efficacy of motor programs, directly impacting their production. Within this paper, the importance of testing the so-called sense of agency within a fluctuating environment is explored, as well as the implications for a prevalent sense-of-agency model. Copyright 2023 APA for PsycINFO Database Record, all rights reserved.
In trauma-affected populations, including veterans and military personnel, problem anger is a prevalent and potentially damaging mental health concern, impacting an estimated 30% of this group. Anger issues are frequently observed in conjunction with a variety of psychosocial and functional impairments, significantly increasing the risk of self-harm and harm to others. The expanding use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to pinpoint the subtleties of emotional micro-level dynamics is resulting in information that significantly benefits the shaping of treatment protocols. Adopting a data-focused approach, we utilized sequence analysis to evaluate the presence of heterogeneity in anger responses among veterans with anger problems, employing EMA-registered experiences of anger intensity. A 10-day EMA intervention, comprising four daily prompts, was implemented for 60 veterans with anger management challenges, whose mean age was 40 years and 28 days. Our analysis revealed four distinct veteran subgroups exhibiting varying degrees of anger intensity, with these subgroups correlating with broader indicators of anger and overall well-being. The convergence of these results emphasizes the need for detailed microlevel investigation of mood states in clinical groups, and under particular conditions, the novel utilization of sequence analysis procedures may be appropriate. Returning this document is necessary since the PsycINFO database record copyright is held by the APA for the year 2023 and beyond.
Acceptance of emotions is recognized as a key aspect in preserving mental health and overall well-being. Nevertheless, a limited number of investigations have explored emotional acceptance in older adults, whose functional capacities, including executive function, might diminish. Zn-C3 solubility dmso This laboratory-based study investigated whether emotional acceptance, specifically detachment and positive reappraisal, moderated the relationship between executive functioning and mental health symptoms in a sample of healthy older adults. Using both questionnaire-based measurements (based on established instruments) and performance-based assessments (directing participants to practice emotional acceptance, detachment, and positive reappraisal in response to sad film clips), emotional regulation strategies were evaluated. A battery of working memory, inhibition, and verbal fluency tasks constituted the measurement of executive functioning. The measurement of mental health symptoms involved the use of questionnaires, which assessed anxiety and depressive symptoms. The study's outcomes highlighted that emotional acceptance played a moderating role in the connection between executive functioning and mental health, showing that reduced executive functioning forecast increased anxiety and depressive symptoms when emotional acceptance was low, but not at high levels of acceptance. The observed moderation effects for emotional acceptance were, in general, more pronounced than for the other emotion regulation strategies, though this difference did not always achieve statistical significance across all pairwise comparisons. Accounting for age, gender, and educational attainment, questionnaire-based, but not performance-based, emotional acceptance measures yielded robust findings. The research presented here contributes to the existing literature on the specificity of emotion regulation, showcasing a key link between emotional acceptance and improved mental health outcomes, especially when executive function is deficient. All rights to this PsycINFO database record, issued in 2023, are reserved by APA.